Cloud Ingredients and Formation

Cloud Ingredients and Formation We all know what clouds are- visible collections of tiny water droplets (or ice crystals if its cold enough) that live high in the atmosphere above the Earths surface. But do you know how a cloud forms? In able for a cloud to form, several ingredients must be in place: watercooling air temperaturea surface to form on (nuclei) Once these ingredients are in place, they follow this process to form a cloud: Step 1: Change Water Vapor into Liquid Water Although we cant see it, the first ingredient water is always present in the atmosphere as  water vapor (a gas). But in order to grow a cloud, we need to get the water vapor from a gas to its liquid form. Clouds begin to form when a parcel of air rises from the surface up into the atmosphere. (Air does this in a number of ways, including being lifted up mountainsides, lifted up weather fronts, and being pushed together by converging air masses.) As the parcel ascends, it passes through lower and lower pressure levels (since pressure decreases with height). Recall that air tends to move from higher to lower pressure areas, so as the parcel travels into lower pressure areas, the air inside of it pushes outward, causing it to expand. It takes heat energy for this expansion to take place, and so the air parcel cools a bit. The further upward the air parcel travels, the more it cools. Cool air cant hold as much water vapor as warm air, so when its temperature cools down to the dew point temperature, the water vapor inside of the parcel becomes saturated (its relative humidity equals 100%) and ​condenses into droplets of liquid water. But by themselves, water molecules are too small to stick together and form cloud droplets. They need a larger, flatter surface on which they can collect. Step 2: Give Water Something to Sit on (Nuclei) In able for water droplets to form cloud droplets,  they must have something- some surface- to condense  on. Those somethings are tiny particles known as aerosols or  condensation nuclei. Just like the nucleus is the core or center of a cell in biology, cloud nuclei, are the centers of cloud droplets, and it is from this that they take their name. (Thats right, every cloud has a speck of dirt, dust, or salt at its center!) Cloud nuclei are solid particles like dust, pollen, dirt, smoke (from  forest fires, car exhaust, volcanoes, and coal-burning furnaces, etc.), and sea salt (from breaking ocean waves)  that are suspended in the air thanks to Mother Nature and us humans who put them there. Other particles in the atmosphere, including bacteria, can also play a role in serving as condensation nuclei. While we usually think of them as pollutants, they serve a key role in growing clouds because theyre hygroscopic- they attract water molecules. Step 3: A Cloud is Born! It is at this point- when water vapor condenses and settles onto condensation nuclei- that clouds form and become visible. (Thats right, every cloud has a speck of dirt, dust, or salt at its center!) Newly formed clouds will often have crisp, well-defined edges. The type of cloud and altitude (low, middle, or high) it forms at is determined by the level where an air parcel becomes saturated. This level changes based on things like temperature, dew point temperature, and how fast or slow the parcel cools with increasing elevation, known as lapse rate. What Makes Clouds Dissipate? If clouds form when water vapor cools and condenses, it only makes sense that they dissipate when the opposite happens- that is, when the air warms and evaporates. How does this happen? Because the atmosphere is always in motion, drier air follows behind the rising air so that both condensation and evaporation continually occur. When theres more evaporation taking place than condensation, the cloud will return once again become invisible moisture. Now that you know how clouds form in the atmosphere, learn to simulate cloud formation by making a cloud in a bottle. Edited by Tiffany Means

How to Use the Italian Verbs Sapere and Conoscere

How to Use the Italian Verbs Sapere and Conoscere â€Å"I know how to play the piano† and â€Å"I know him.† While the main verb â€Å"to know† in those two phrases doesn’t differ in English, it does in Italian. In fact, the two verbs you would use would be either â€Å"sapere† or â€Å"conoscere.† Both mean to know, but have different implications. Sapere means to know† in the sense of to be able to, or to know how to. It can also be understood as knowing about a situation or a fact, like â€Å"Non sapevo che tu fossi qui. - I didn’t know that you were here.† Conoscere, on the other hand, means â€Å"to know† in the sense of â€Å"to know someone† or â€Å"to know an area, town, restaurant, etc. Examples With Sapere  in the Present Tense Non so sciare. - I don’t know how to ski.So cantare. - I know how to sing. / I am able to sing.Non lo so. - I don’t know.Non so la risposta giusta. - I don’t know the right answer.Lei sa quando il treno arriva? - Do you know when the train arrives? (formal)So la lezione. - I know the lesson. TIP: The last example could also be used with the verb conoscere: â€Å"Conosco la lezione. -  I prepared for today’s lesson.† Using Sapere in Other Tenses (Il condizionale) Credo di sà ¬, ma...non saprei. - I believe so, but...I wouldn’t know.(L’imperfetto) Sapevi che Marco frequenta qualcuno? - Did you know that Marco is dating someone?(L’imperfetto) Non sapevo che tu volessi imparare l’italiano! - I didn’t know that you wanted to learn Italian! TIP: If you want to say something like â€Å"I’m able to speak Italian,† you would use the verb â€Å"riuscire† instead. For example, â€Å"Riesco a parlare bene Italiano. - I’m able to speak Italian well.† Examples of the Verb Conoscere in the Present Tense Non conosciamo Bologna molto bene. - We dont know Bologna very well. / We aren’t very familiar with Bologna.Il ristorante si chiama L’archetto? Mhh, non lo conosco. - The restaurant is called L’archetto? Hmm, I don’t know it.Quel film con Hugh Grant? Quello in cui conosce un’attrice e si innamorano? - Do you know that Hugh Grant movie? The one where he meets that actress and they fall in love? Conoscere in Other Tenses (Il passato prossimo) Ho conosciuto Francesca a casa di Giuseppe. - I met Francesca at Giuseppes house.(Il passato prossimo) Li Abbiamo conosciuti tre anni fa. - We met them three years ago.(Limperfetto) Da bambino conoscevo bene New York, ma tutto era cambiato da quel periodo. - When I was a kid, I knew New York well, but everything has changed since that time. TIP: Unlike the verb â€Å"conoscere,† which means the same thing when conjugated in the present, past, or imperfect tenses, the meaning of â€Å"sapere† changes when in the passato prossimo form. For example, when you say â€Å"Ieri sera ho saputo che lei viene qua. - Last night I found out that she’s coming here.† So, you could define â€Å"sapere† in the past tense as â€Å"to find out.†