Posthorn Corporation Essay

Posthorn Corporation acquired 20,000 of the 100,000 outstanding common shares of Stamp Company on January 1, 2010, for a cash consideration of $200,000 at a time when its shareholders’ equity amounted to $1,000,000. The shares of both companies were traded on the national stock exchange. During 2010, Stamp Company had net income of $120,000 and paid dividends of $80,000. At the end of 2010, shares of Stamp Company were trading for $11 each. During 2011, Stamp Company had a loss of $60,000 and paid dividends of $40,000. Income for the first half of the year was $80,000 and the loss in the second half of the year was $140,000. The dividends were paid on June 30. On July 2, 2011, Posthorn Corporation sold 5,000 shares of Stamp Company for a consideration of $12 per share. At the end of 2011, the share price of Stamp Company had fallen to $6 per share. The average of market analysts’ forecasts was that the share price could be expected to rise to $8 per share over the next five years. Posthorn Corporation has not elected early adoption of the new standards for financial instruments which become effective on January 1, 2015. Required: For each of the following independent assumptions, state the amounts that Posthorn Corporation would include in its 2011 financial statements, with respect to its investment in Stamp Company for (i) its investment in Stamp Company; (ii) net income; and (iii) other comprehensive income. a) Posthorn Corporation accounts for its investment in Stamp Company as a fair value through profit and loss investment; b) Posthorn Corporation accounts for its investment in Stamp Company as an available for sale investment; c) Posthorn Corporation accounts for its investment in Stamp Company as a significant influence investment; d) Posthorn Corporation accounts for its investment in Stamp Company using the cost method. Required: a) Assume that the number of shares held by Blake is enough to give it significant influence over Stergis. Prepare all the journal entries that Blake should make regarding this investment in Year 5 and Year 6. b) Assume that Blake uses the cost method to account for its investment. Prepare all the journal entries that Blake should make regarding this investment in Year 5 and Year 6. Question 3 (15 marks) (Text, Chapter 2, Case 4) On January 1, Year 6, Progress Technologies Inc. acquired 40 percent (10,000 shares) of the voting shares of the Calgana Corp. Toward the end of Year 6, it seemed likely that Progress would have earnings for the year of approximately $10,000 (exclusive of earnings attributed to its investment in Calgana) and that Calgana would have earnings of approximately $50,000. The CEO of Progress was disappointed in the forecast earnings of both companies. Prior to Year 6, Progress had increased its earnings by 10 percent each year, and Progress would have to report total earnings in Year 6 of $45,000 if the trend was to continue. Required: a) Suppose Progress Technologies Inc. reports its interest in Calgana Corp. using the equity method. i) If Calgana is to declare its usual dividend of $0.50 per share, what would be the total reported income of Progress? ii) The CEO of Progress suggested that Calgana be directed to declare a special dividend of $3 per share. What impact would the additional dividend have on the reported earnings of Progress? b) Suppose that Progress Technologies Inc. reports its investment in Calgana Corp. using the cost method. iii) What would be the total reported earnings of Progress if Calgana declared its regular dividend of $0.50 per share? iv) What impact would the additional dividend of $3 per share have on reported earnings of Progress? c) Explain fully why the equity method (rather than the cost method) is appropriate for firms that can exert significant influence over other companies in which they have an interest.

Crestwood Hills Cooperative Nursery School Essay

Crestwood Hills Cooperative Nursery School is a non-profit organization that specializes in providing education for pre-schoolers and toddlers with minimal supervision. While they have their own staff comprising of very qualified teachers, they also require active involvement from parents. The school’s job is to support children’s needs with consideration for each child’s uniqueness. Landing on a cooperative nursery school job is basically the same with other nursery schools. An instructor should be a Bachelor of Arts in Early Childhood Education, as they will be primarily involved in pre-schoolers and toddlers. Also, some schools do require their staff to have some experience before they can be hired. Working in a cooperative nursery school has its advantages over regular nursery schools. The ratio of teachers to children is low because of the small population of the children. Teachers also have the support of the parents because of the nature of the school, which makes dealing with children easier and less stressful. While it can be said that pre-schoolers and toddlers can become a handful for one person, it is the satisfaction that contributing to the child’s development can give is more important. It can be said that the main key of their success is due to the working together of teachers and parents for the children’s learning and growth. Regular schools require little participation of parents with their children’s education. In a cooperative nursery school like Crestwood Hills, they have programs where parents are required to attend. They have parent workdays, where parents assist teachers in the classroom. There is also weekend workdays where families can meet and maintenance of the school is done. Cooperative schools believe that parents should not depend their children’s learning only to teachers and the school (California Council of Parent Participation Nursery Schools, Inc. ). It is believed that cooperative nursery schools are very successful because of the nature of their organization. Aside from letting the pre-schoolers and toddlers grow and socialize in their own way just like any other nursery school, giving the parents the opportunity to be involved in their child’s education is very helpful. It makes the children know that they are important to their parents. Showing support is also necessary for their confidence. Also, because cooperative schools are non-profit organizations, it can be said that parents do own the school and their involvement is greatly expected. Cooperative nursery schools are increasing in number these days. It is very fortunate to those parents who want to be a part of their children’s learning process that this kind of institutions are being put up. The early stages of development of a child is a very critical stage because this can become the foundation of who they can become. This is why it is important to be involved at that stage. Children can learn faster and better when they know that they are being supported by the people that surrounds them. It is admitted that there are some parents who would prefer regular nursery schools because of the amount of involvement required, and not all parents can give this because of their busy schedules. But, while cooperative nursery schools are made especially for the children, a lot can also be learned by the parents themselves. They can learn how to interact with their children better. They would be able to understand their young ones better through the help of the school. Also, they can spend more quality time with their kids. Educators for a cooperative nursery school has the most responsibility in this situation. They have to have knowledge about early childhood. They should be patient when dealing with the students and should be able to have a healthy relationship with the parents. They should not present a negative attitude towards the children that would make the children discouraged with learning. They should always be available whenever the children need help. As well, teachers should be able to monitor each child’s development. And although experience can be their best tool, it would also help if they can extend their knowledge about children by learning more. This can either be through further education or just by learning from books or articles that are very much available anywhere. Teachers should understand that they are the biggest contributor to a child’s growth and development, especially at an early stage. It is fortunate that they belong to a cooperative nursery school because the burden can be lifted a little off their shoulders because of the participation of the parents. It can then be said that everyone gains in a cooperative nursery school. Learning should always be fun and easy, and this could be achieved through any school, but cooperative nursery schools have an edge to it because of the involvement of the parents. Education should be the top priority of every parent. Teachers’ priority should be the learning process of the kids. This is why cooperative nursery schools like Crestwood Hills Cooperative Nursery School are successful and preferred by most. Reference California Council of Parent Participation Nursery Schools, Inc. Retrieved February 22,

Personal skills development( study skills and book review) Essay

Personal skills development( study skills and book review) - Essay Example Some of the effective study skills that I learnt from different resources and also applied to my learning process include note taking, time management, active listening, revision planning, preparing answers for the exams etc. Almost every day, I encounter such situations where I find the implication of these techniques within my study premises and apply the appropriate technique to handle the situation in more effective manner. For instance, today I have to write to complete the weekly assignment that is to write an essay upon any topic of my own interest. The guidelines provided by Barret et al (2008, p169) help me a lot in completing this task. The researchers explain basic steps of essay writing and I follow these steps. After deciding the main topic, I analyzed its title and main thesis and then proceed towards collecting material for the essay. During the reading, I take noted and plan the structure of my essay. After writing the essay, I proofread and edit it to assure it is perfect structure wise and deliver my intended tone. In this way, I use a study technique and succeed to write a well organize essay following simple and helpful steps of essay writing. The day was very busy and I was feeling too much tired and pressurized because there is little time left to appear in the exams and there are lot of things to do. At this point, I use my time management skills that I learnt from the reading of Marks-Beal (2009, p45). At first, I listed out the tasks that I have to complete before the exams and then arranged these tasks according to first priority. After that I made the plan to start working on these tasks one by one. There were some writing projects and I have also to read certain books and other material to prepare for answering exams questions. I started with the reading and keep on taking notes that later help me during the writing work. There were too many things to do in short time and I started feeling

Case Google Is Changing Everything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Google Is Changing Everything - Essay Example Here I will assess and analyze the main technology structure employed, a better revenue generation policy and enhanced extensive business structure of Google. Google is an intelligent search engine that offers its user a better facility regarding the web based search as well as a better promotion of related areas. As we search with the Google, then different related categories of the products and services appear on the right side of the main user interface. If we are searching for some food products then Google will intelligently offer a list of categories related to the desired or searched query. This is a great opportunity and facility that offers us to select and check products and services of the related categories. Google main advertisement pan is retrieved intelligently according to the user interest and desire. The intelligent search engine of the Google has the greater capability to assess the user interest and offer the related ads and promotions for the user easiness (Organicspam, 2007). I have tried lot of different options and observed that Google is offering a comprehensive way for presenting and showing the mostly matched re sults to the user interest and desire. If we talk about the spreadsheets the name of Microsoft’s Excel comes in mind. However Google is trying to redefine the basic concept of the Microsoft’s Excel spreadsheets. The main purpose of the Microsoft’s Excel spreadsheets is to arrange the data and organize in an appropriate way so that user can effectively handle and operate the data. However there are several limitations in the customary idea of the Microsoft’s Excel spreadsheets. For instance, Microsoft’s Excel spreadsheets are lacking in sharing of spreadsheet data to multiple users and clients (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). In this regard the Google is going to redefine the customary practice of the spreadsheets and trying to integrate more enhanced and better features in these

ASL Discourse covering Discourse Genre Explanatory and Prosody Research Paper

ASL Discourse covering Discourse Genre Explanatory and Prosody - Research Paper Example The progress of developing sign language in US obligated the materialization of deaf training institutes, which would collect numerous deaf kids collectively for tutoring purposes. The account of ASL started with deaf tutoring. ASL is an acronym of American Sign Language. A minister name Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet in 1815, moved out of his home in Hartford to visit Europe. Dr. Mason Cogswell had inquired Gallaudet to examine techniques of schooling for his deaf daughter, Alice Cogswell. Whilst the purpose of Gallaudet visiting England, was struck by an obstacle when executives of the Braidwood Schools, who educated the verbal technique, denied giving out their techniques of tutoring deaf. In London, Gallaudet escorted with Abbe Sicard, administrator of the Royal Institution for the Deaf in Paris with his two students. Sicard asked Gallaudet to tour the school in Paris. Gallaudet then toured to Paris and cultured with the instructive techniques of the Royal Institution for the Deaf with sign language, a combination of Old French Sign Language and the signs framed by Abbe Sicard. In April 1817, Gallaudet launched the Connecticut Asylum for the teaching and tutoring of Deaf, today known as American School for the Deaf. Deaf learners were educated with French signs and others like Martha’s Vineyard. Therefore, at this institute all the effects amalgamated and turned out to be American Sign Language. 1. ASL Discourse Features ASL discourse features have been acknowledged purposely comparable in linguistics, in view of the fact that Stokoe's have utilized the features 'phoneme' and 'phonology' for all communication channels of ASL. All of linguist persons separated ASL signs into numerous phonemic characteristics known as discourse features. These features are hand contour, palm direction, hand motion, hand position etc. In addition to these discourse features there are others as well for example facial appearance, attitude, posture, and jawing. In early abstrac t techniques, motion was dealt as concurrent or chronological movements of the hand assisted with additional body features. But in numerous fresh techniques, motion is dealt as the pace of the language instead as characteristic. Signs are separated into sections of movement (motion) and hold, every one of which comprises of a group of the additional characteristics of hand profile, course, position, and some non-physical characteristics. In the sign language; distinguishing sign movements (motions) consist of linear, inner, and complex motions. The basic and primary directions of linear movements (motions) are six. These are up, down, in (in the direction of the signer), out (outside the signer), contra-lateral (in the direction of the midpoint or the contrary hand), and ipsi-lateral (away from the direction of the surface of the signing hand). Diagonal motion is identified to be fabricated with these basic directions. Inner movements (motions) contain rotating of the wrist, adaptin g curvilinear of the wrist or fingers, unclosing the hand, enclosing the hand, and squirming the fingers. Complicated movements (motions) incorporates contacting a location, traverse hands or fingers, clutching, inflowing (introducing the hand or fingers flanked by

Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Principles - Essay Example It will help the organization to develop effective future strategies in order to improve business performance. 4Ps of Marketing The 4Ps marketing mix framework will help to determine Coca Cola’s price, place, promotion and product development strategy. Product The Coca Cola Company is the leading manufacturers and distributors of soft drinks. The organization has wide range of differentiated and diverged product line. These strategies helped the organization to ensure significant competitive advantages over its competitors. Aggressive product development and continuous differentiation of products helped the organization to meet the needs and demand of target customers (Dost 14). Recently, the organization faced several legal and social issues regarding high pesticides and calories level in cold drinks. But, the organization started to introduce healthy, differentiated and calorie free soft drinks for target customers to maintain sustainability in business performance and busin ess operation. Price The Coca Cola Company implemented advanced technology in each and every business operation processes. This strategy helped the organization to reduce business operation cost. Low business operation cost helped the organization to implement competitive pricing strategy. ... Most importantly, the Coca Cola Company always motivates is distributors and suppliers to follow the organizational policies (Peterson 29). It actually helps the organization to maintain sustainability. Promotion Coca Cola Company uses different promotional mediums in order to give adverts for existing products. Print and digital media advertisings help the organization to attract children and youths. In addition to this, effective social media advertising or online promotions help the organization to target mass target audience (Carmody 143). Moreover, giving sponsor to popular sporting teams, event and campaigns helps Coca Cola Company to create effective customer awareness. General Costs of Marketing The Coca Cola Company has become the leading organization within the industry due to effective adoption and implementation of brand extension and umbrella branding strategy. Slowly and gradually, the organization is increasing its product portfolio to increase market share meet curren t market demand. It is important for the organization to market this developed product portfolio successfully in order to avoid business losses. Truly, the organization spends a significant part of its business profit in the marketing activities. For example, the organization spent almost 2.9 billion US dollars in USA for promotion purpose. On other hand, the organization spent 2.3 billion Euros in UK to create significant customer awareness. The organization managed to get successful business outcome through these promotional marketing strategies which are aggressively backed by huge marketing cost. However, the organization failed to get success through few products due to limited acceptance of these

The Great Wall of China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Great Wall of China - Research Paper Example But what is most interesting is the idea of a wall that would stretch around the Forbidden City and segregate it from all intruders and elevate its position to the â€Å"Heaven† level. At the time of its initial construction, the Wall had been built with stones and tamped dirt but as time passes, the development in construction material which included the use of kilns to manufacture bricks and quarrying have added to its sophistication. Lastly, one of the most important engineering marvels is the use of least number of manpower to construct over 6000 kms of brick walls of different layers and levels. From deep ravines to some of the highest mountains, the Wall has touched them all. Compared to structures of today, the Great Wall still stands out because of its quality, architecture and design. Even though some portions of the Wall have crumbled, its modern equivalents cannot compare to its defensive characteristics and design such as watch towers, barracks, garrison stations, means for signals and trade

Job Security in Relation to Japan and India Assignment - 1

Job Security in Relation to Japan and India - Assignment Example The loyalty and commitment from the employees are widely dependent on the job security offered by the organizations of the country. To cope with the situations and a more stable relationship between the employees and the employer Japanese companies are constantly changing their pattern of employment which is needed to be implemented by the Government of India and the organization at India for a more stable and strong relationship building for building an employee base with high commitment and loyalty instead of being rigid to the rules of the Government. Flexibility at work plays a vital role in building trust amongst the employees and satisfies with job security for the employees (Zechariah, â€Å"Comparative Industrial Relations in Japan and India†). With the initialization of industrialization in Japan, the Japanese Industrial Relations System is a perfect blending of continuity and change in the characteristics of the employees. The first industrial enterprise of Japan was founded by the Japan government in the year 1890. This was first handled by powerful industrial families of the country but later with the transition from the agrarian society to the industrial nation demands relationship between the employees and the employers with the changing business model. With the influence of the western culture into the workplace, the organization are influenced to change their work structure. Various reforms came into play with the introduction of lifetime employment as a form of linkage between the employer and the employees to build the strong relationship. With the development of industrial relations, the workers are needed to possess’ special skills to retain their jobs in the competitive environment. The emergence of the lifetime employment and remuneration pattern was designed keeping in mind the future trend in the industry. The regular employees are who enjoys lifetime employment schemes and are paid according to the length of their services in the system.     

Something Beautiful Is Coming Essay Example for Free

Something Beautiful Is Coming Essay HTC was founded in 1997 by Cher Wang and her husband. Wang wanted to manufacture personal digital assistance under contact of established brands. However, the company failed to convince buyers. Instead remained focused on contract manufacturer’s mobile phones according to its customer’s strategic priorities. Cher approaches the business with the eyes of the customer. HTC had nututred contacts into valuable business relationships, creating products that combined customer-oriented design with advanced technology to cast a reputation for consistency and excellence that many industry valued and applauded. In mid 2000, HTC started making customized smart phones running on windows operating system for Deutshe Telekom and Vodafone. This proved strategically shrewd, creating potential growth without having to rely on handset manufacturers. Facts and Figures HTC started making customized smart phones running on windows operating system for Deutshe Telekom and Vodafone. This proved strategically shrewd, creating potential growth without having to rely on handset manufacturers. Under this ‘operator business model’, sales exploded, growing 100% annually, with net profits rising some 300% per annum since 2003. HTC soon became darling of the market, with share prices soaring 1000% in March 2006. Mission A customer oriented positioning that communicated its strengths and tapped into the zeitgeist of its target market- tech savvy trendy customers interested in performance and design. Strategy Business Strategy- Sustained on ‘operator business model’, proved immensely successful. Functional (Marketing) strategy- The key to its strategy was its partnership with networks such as vodafone Internet and viral marketing proved effective Sponsorship of the Columbia –HTC cycling team in 2009 ensured messaged reached millions of viewers worldwide

Grapes of Wrath Essay Example for Free

Grapes of Wrath Essay In Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck wrote about the Joads and their forced migration from Oklahoma to California. They were forced to leave their simple farming life because of the Great Depression. Through the struggles of the members and friends of the Joads, Steinbeck was able to portray an undesirable, yet accurate picture of America in the early twentieth century. Thus, this story is considered as one of the most powerful social novels in human history. But, Steinbeck did not just describe the country where he lived. In the later part of the novel, Steinbeck crafted a political message that is intended to change the present and unacceptable state of America. In Nobody Knows My Name, James Baldwin wrote a series of essays about the experiences, thoughts, and struggles of an African-American deep in the heart of Europe. The collection of essays appears to be a rite of passage for Baldwin who did not want to be labeled as a Negro writer, but simply an American writer. But, through the series of essays, Baldwin wove together his own political message, which wanted to radically shift the point of view of society about what America is all about. In both pieces of literature, it can be found that the written works of art are not just mere expressions of the authors’ creativity. This is because a simple creative expression is wandering and aimless. The written art is similar to a powerful sword that can be wielded to effect political and social changes, but this figurative sword obeys the authors’ personal views that are derived from their personal experiences. Despite the personal basis of the authors’ opinions, the political nature of the written art is needed in societies that are thrown in the midst of division and conflict because the political nature of written art serves as a guiding beacon of light, both for the ordinary citizens and for the political leaders. Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath has many interpretations that originate from varying perspectives, such as religious, economic, social, political, and personal. The same could be said of Baldwin’s Nobody Knows My Name. Different and numerous interpretations of literary works are acceptable because that is the nature of all literary works and the authors could not be confronted and asked to choose which interpretation is the most accurate. It is probable that Steinbeck purposely wove a novel that is a mosaic of several messages. And it is also probable that Baldwin delved into different issues and each essay in the said collection might be about more than one perspective. But, in comparing the novel and the essay collection, the two perspectives that will be analyzed are the similar personal and the political beliefs of the authors about the American society. Both Steinbeck and Baldwin see a divided American society. In Steinbeck’s novel, the division is between the rich and the poor. This division is felt sharply in the Great Depression when the rich and powerful preyed on the desperation of the poor people. The reputed rich grape vineyards in California became attractive to the Joads and other poor people who are suffering the pangs of hunger due to the poor harvest. The house was dead, and the fields were dead† (Steinbeck, 135). The family chose to uproot themselves and went to California. But, the vineyards did not deliver the promise of providing enough food security for the people. Instead, the Joads toiled hard, day and night, but remained poor, oppressed, and discriminated. In Baldwin’s essay, the division is between the Blacks and the White. The Civil War has ended but the discrimination against the Black Americans remained. Many Americans gave lip service to the concept of equality and assimilation, but it is far more difficult to remove the generations-old dogma of Blacks being an inferior race. Hoping to achieve the desired state of equality, the Blacks fought by excelling in the fields of sports, music, and literature. But this was not enough. Instead, the Blacks continued to endure discrimination. The nature of the division that was described by Steinbeck may not be exactly the same as the division described by Baldwin. But the division and the conflict are strongly felt. And because of the presence of the conflict, America is not united. Unfortunately, there are more conflicts that exist other than the conflict between people of different races and people who come from different socio-economic status. There are conflicts based on gender, education, and sexual orientation. â€Å"The tensions of American life, as well as the possibilities, are tremendous† (Baldwin, 11). But what could be the long-term implications of having a divided country? Both Steinbeck and Baldwin predicted that the present divisions in America would lead to overwhelming wrath that might destroy society. In Steinbeck’s novel, the poor finds that many of their opportunities are kept away from them or wasted away by the rich and powerful. â€Å"The people come with nets to fish for potatoes in the river, and the guards hold them back †¦ in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath† (Steinbeck, 477). It is suggested that the travels of Steinbeck revealed to him the desolate state of his country and the increasing resentment of the poor. In Baldwin’s essay Fifth Avenue, Uptown: a Letter from Harlem, he described the rotting and festering social situation of Harlem, the corner of the world where he grew up. Baldwin drew upon his experiences and observations when he was still living in Harlem to create this essay that depicts the oppression that the Whites wielded through the police. The policemen â€Å"represent the force of the white world the black man corralled up here, in his place† (Baldwin, 57). The Blacks have began to realize that they were being discriminated and that the basic right to human dignity was been taken away from them through the selfish and callous way that the Whites treated them in the past decades. But, instead of being apologetic, the Whites, being the majority, demanded assimilation. It would be inevitable that the Blacks would feel resentment. And with resentment, there would be a burgeoning anger. Steinbeck and Baldwin are personally aware of the negative effects of the existing conflicts in their societies. They knew that anger would be fermented. There is a limit to the patience of the people who are being oppressed. What then should Americans do with the existing conflicts in their country? Both Steinbeck and Baldwin personally believed that there must be a radical political change in the country, but for any radical change to happen, there should also be a radical change within each individual American. In Steinbeck’s novel, there were many characters that underwent changes throughout the story. However, the character that underwent the most radical change was Rose of Sharon, who, after suffering from the loss of her own child, has agreed to nurse an old man. â€Å"Then she lay down beside him. He shook his head slowly from side to side. Rose of Sharon loosened one side of the blanket and bared her breast† (Steinbeck, 619). This last scene in Steinbeck’s novel often elicits a violent reaction from readers. But, upon reflection, it was the most humane act of all. The violent reaction occurred simply because many readers are trapped within the bounds of society’s conventions. Without these conventions, the readers will be rid of preconceptions that prevent them from reaching out to other people. Without preconceptions, the division between the poor and the rich would eventually disappear. In Baldwin’s essays, the personal change that he wanted to obtain is to prevent the self from following the tides of anger that will sweep and destroy the country. Thus, instead of wearing the easy cloak called Negro writer, he chose to create a new one, the American writer. He found that the American writers of his time lack the sense of purpose that a literary artist should have. This is because the American writer, similar to the many readers of Steinbeck, is trapped by conventions of society. Baldwin believes that unless the American writer â€Å"is released from the habit of flexing his muscles and proving that he is just a regular guy that he realizes how crippling this habit has been† (Baldwin, 6). If all Americans will remove the concept of race from their minds, they will find that there is no Negro problem after all. The concept of effecting an individual change prior to achieving a wider social change evolved primarily from the personal experiences of the authors and from their observations. These were distilled to create the plot of the novel and the subject of the essays. As influential authors, were Steinbeck and Baldwin ethically appropriate in creating literary works that came from their personal experiences and personal political beliefs? The answer is an affirmative. The literary artist must take his own personal history, distill truth from his experiences, and use his insights responsibly by sending a political and social message to the rest of the world.

Overview of Cancer Treatment Trials

Overview of Cancer Treatment Trials Knowing the Enemy In an era gripped by the promise of cytotoxic chemotherapy, a few dissenting voices was heard. Indiscriminate chemotherapy could not be the only strategy to attack cancer. To attack a cancer cell, one needed to begin by identifying its unique biological behavior, and vulnerabilities. Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer Charles Huggins, a urological surgeon at the University of Chicago, was a specialist in diseases of the bladder, kidney, genitals, and prostate. The prostate is a small walnut shaped gland wrapped around the outlet of the urinary tract in men. Cancer of the prostate represents one-third of cancer incidence in men, six times that of leukemia and lymphoma. In the late 1920s, by performing surgical castration on dogs, Huggins found that the hormone testosterone kept both the normal and cancer cells in the prostate alive. Rather than performing a surgical castration on his patients, Huggins injected a female hormone into their bodies to inhibit testosterone function. He called the method chemical castration. As with surgical castration, Huggins found that patients responded to the therapy, with minimal side effects. But many of the patients who responded to the therapy eventually relapsed. Beatsons Riddle In the late 1890s, a Scottish surgeon named George Beatson had learned that the removal of the ovaries from cows changed the quality of their udders and altered their capacity to lactate. Intrigued by the inexplicable link between ovaries and breasts, Beatson surgically removed the ovaries of three women with breast cancer. To his astonishment, the breast tumors of his three patients shrank dramatically after the surgery. But when surgeons in London tried to apply the method to a larger group of women, only about two-thirds of the breast cancer patients responded. Solving the Riddle In the mid-1960s, Elwood Jensen, a young chemist in Chicago, working with Huggins, came close to solving Beatsons riddle. He found out that estrogen, the principal hormone secreted by the ovaries, worked by binding to a receptor in a target cell. He discovered that breast cancer cases could be divided into two types, depending on whether its estrogen sensitive or insensitive, ER-positive and ER-negative tumors. ER-positive tumors, possessing the receptor, would respond to Beatsons surgery. ER-negative tumors not possessing the receptor, would be unresponsive. The simplest way to prove this theory was to launch an experiment. But the surgical procedure had fallen out of fashion. An alternative was to use a drug to inhibit estrogen function. But Jensen had no such drug. Tamoxifen Trial Tamoxifen was an anti-estrogen compound developed by the hormone biologist Arther Walpole in the early 1960s. In the summer of 1969, Moya Cole, a Manchester oncologist specializing in breast cancer, launched a clinical trial at Christie Hospital in Manchester. Forty-six women with breast cancer were treated with tamoxifen. The response was almost immediate in ten patients. The tumors in the breast and the lung metastases shrank. But like Hugginss prostate cancer patients, many of the patients who responded to the therapy eventually relapsed. Halsteds Ashes Moya Coles tamoxifen trial in 1969 was designed to treat women with late stage metastatic breast cancer. But Cole wondered about an alternative strategy. What if women with early stage tumors were treated with tamoxifen? Bonadonnas Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial A similar idea occurred to a 33-year-old oncologist named Paul Carbone at the NCI ten years ago. Inspired by Min Chiu Li, Carbone had launched a small trial in 1963 and found out that adding chemotherapy after surgery reduced the rate of relapse from breast cancer. Carbone and his team called this treatment adjuvant chemotherapy. It would remove microscopic deposits of malignant cells left behind after surgery, completing the cancer-cleansing task that the surgery had set out to do. In 1972, an Italian oncologist name Gianni Bonadonna proposed to the NCI a large randomized trial to study adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer. In the summer of 1973, Bonadonna began his trial by randomizing nearly four hundred women half to treatment with CMF (a toxic three-drug cocktail) and half to no treatment. Bonadonna presented his results in the winter of 1975. About half of the women in the no treatment group had elapsed while only one-third of the group receiving the adjuvant chemotherapy had relapsed. So adjuvant chemotherapy had prevented cancer relapses in about one in every six patients. The Fisher Adjuvant Tamoxifen Trial What if the adjuvant therapy was done with hormonal therapy instead of chemotherapy? In January 1977, Bernie Fisher recruited 1,891 women with early stage ER-positive breast cancer. He treated half with adjuvant tamoxifen and the other half with no tamoxifen. By 1981, he found out that adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen reduced cancer relapse rates by one-half. In 1985, Fisher reported that the effect of tamoxifen treatment was even more dramatic. Among the 500 women older than fifty assigned to each group, adjuvant tamoxifen had prevented fifty-five relapses and deaths. Lessons Learned By the 1980s, the old paradigms of treatment had evolved into new paradigms. Halsteds radical approach to attack cancer cells was reborn as adjuvant therapy. Ehrlichs magic bullet was reincarnated as hormonal therapy. Although neither of these alternatives offer definitive cures, these trials had confirmed two important principles of cancer biology and cancer therapy: These trials etched the message that cancer was heterogeneous. Cancers came in variety of forms, each with unique biological behaviors. The heterogeneity was genetic: some responded to hormonal treatments, other not. And the heterogeneity was anatomic: some cancers were local, while others spread to distant organs. Understanding that heterogeneity was of deep consequence. It was essential to know the cancer as intimately as possible before rushing to treat it. For instance, tamoxifen treatment only applies to ER-positive breast cancers. Palliative Care Palliative care is the branch of medicine that focuses on symptom relief and comfort, founded by Cecily Saunders, an English nurse, physician and social worker. She created a hospice in London in 1967 to care specifically for the terminally ill and dying. Counting Cancer In November 1985, a Harvard biologist named John Cairns measured the progress in the War on Cancer by revitalizing old records that had existed since World War II. He went through the cancer registry, and state-by-state statistics on cancer-related deaths to get a portrait of cancer over time. He used the cancer registry to estimate the number of lives saved by the therapeutic advances since 1950 and divide these therapeutic advances into various categories. His findings were: (1)Less than 5 percent of patients diagnosed with cancer in America; and (2) Less than 10% of patients who would die of cancer, had enjoyed the advances in cancer therapy and screening. Cairns analysis was widely influential, but it needed some measure of the comparative trends in cancer mortality over the years. John Bailar and Elaine Smith from Harvard provided such an analysis in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 1986. Bailar-Smith Analysis In the analysis, Bailar-Smith did not use survival-rate analysis because survival-rate analysis can be sensitive to biases such as cancer screenings. They used overall mortality instead. To compare samples over time, they normalized the population to the same standard. According to Bailar-Smith: Cancer-related deaths had increased by 8.7 percent from 1962 to 1985. The increase reflected many factors, but mainly because of the increase in lung cancer caused by the increase in smoking rates in the United States. Bailar-Smith noted that the 35 years of intense efforts to improve the treatment of cancer must be judged a qualified failure. As Cairns had already pointed out, prevention was the only intervention known to reduce the aggregate mortality for a disease. Bailar argued that prevention, as a strategy, had been neglected by the NCI in its pursuit of cures. Treatment strategies received 80 percent of the money while prevention research received about 20 percent. A similar bias existed in private research institutions. Bailar-Smith noted, A shift in research emphasis, from research on treatment to research on prevention, seems necessary if substantial progress against cancer is to be forthcoming

Animal Rights, Human Wrongs vs. The Damned Human Race Essays -- Englis

Animal Rights, Human Wrongs vs. The Damned Human Race â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"The Damned Human Race† by Mark Twain are more similar than different. Both of the authors are informing the readers about the mentality of some human beings in regard to animals. One of the authors, Tom Regan provides several examples of the tactics man uses to harm animals. Mark Twain’s method compares so called lower animal to the human being. In both stories, the way that man treats animals is injustice. Tom Regan tells how human beings have developed a more advance technology that will kill a whale in the matter of minutes. When the whale is captured, he fights and struggles with the crew men until his death. The whale is used for things as small as candle wax, perfume, soap, oil, pet food, margarine, and fertilizer. The rest of the remains are disregarded. An innocent animal is killed to provide man with unnecessary products. Similar to the whale, Mark Twain discovered a case when buffalos where hunted and wasted. Some hunters organized a buffalo hunt to eat and for entertainm...

Amazon :: science

Amazon The Amazon River is the second longest river in world. The headwaters begin high in the soaring Andes Mountains and stretches 6,400 km across the South American continent to the Atlantic Ocean. It discharges between 34 to 121 million liters of water per second, and depositing an average of 3 million tons of sediments near its mouth. The outpouring of water and residue is so vast that the salt content and the color of the Atlantic Ocean are altered for a distance of about 320km from the mouth of the river. Also, unlike many other rivers it ¡Ã‚ ¯s wide and straight from the headwaters to the mouth. During a new or full moon, a wave front from the ocean sweeps 650km upstream at speeds of 65km/h and this causes waves as high as 5m. Because of its vastness, annual floods, and navigability, the Amazon River is often called the Ocean River. The Amazon River is the largest and wettest tropical plain on Earth with heavy rains. Europeans were not the original keepers of this vast rainforest. The Amazonians are trapped between the old and new customs, and since they have traditions, their technology isn ¡Ã‚ ¯t as modern as the rest of the worlds ¡Ã‚ ¯. They live on the richest land with a wide variety of flora and fauna. With such great resources, including the river as transportation, almost anybody would want to seize the land and gain profits easily. The Amazonians have little power to defend themselves with spears against their guns. Unfortunately, the outside world has brought them diseases that are incurable with their own medicine. They cannot exist in the way they were before, but they know the Amazon better than any of us. If the rich businessmen listened to them instead of stealing from them, they might be able to improve the usage of the Amazon. All the tributaries merge into the Amazon River, but not all have an identical color. White-water rivers, the ice and snow from the Andes Mountains washes off soil nutrients from the rocks, allowing the water to have a dirty yellowish color. Clear-water rivers are azure-green in color; they barely contain any sediment. These rivers arise from the highlands that are created by hard rock that doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t easily erode. Dark black-water river of the Rio Negro washes over old rocks, which are rich in minerals. The name  ¡Ã‚ °Amazon ¡Ã‚ ± just isn ¡Ã‚ ¯t any old name.

How do the opening chapters serve as an affective introduction to the rest of the novel?

The opening chapters of Wuthering Heights help give us an insight to the rest of the novel. We are able to start to think about foreshadowing events that might occur during the rest of the novel such as love and anger. The opening chapters are the most important in any novel or story, this is because they often help to set the scene, they introduce us to the main characters and give us a little insight in to what might happen during the rest of the novel. The beginning chapters of Wuthering Heights are like any other novel in terms of introducing to us the setting, characters and foreshadowing main themes. Emily Bronte lets us explore the settings around Wuthering Heights, which enables her to set the scene and enables us to visualise it more clearly. She has cleverly chosen a secluded place to home her characters on as it is a remote and desolate place and therefore the characters are thrust upon each other as they have no where else to go in the months of the snow. We do not explore a variety of settings during the novel, as she has restricted the places in which she explores, this means we get to know very little about the outside world and it enables the reader to see exactly how restricted and secluded the area actually is. By keeping the settings to a minimal it adds to the feeling of intensity. Thrush cross grange and Penistant Crag are the only settings explored in Wuthering Heights. The settings may seem irrelevant to a reader at first, but as the novel progresses they play an important part as they reflect the character personalities especially the linkage with Heathcliff and Wuthering Heights. An example of a linkage between the two is that they both lack positive welcoming vibes. This is shown in the house by ‘no signs of roasting, boiling, or baking, about the huge fireplace'. This can give us the impression that the house is not a very homely place and we also get a hunch from the quotes ‘Straggeling gooseberry bushes' and ‘bleak hill top' ‘black frost' ‘made me shiver through every limb' that even the scenery does not seem welcoming. This is as the gooseberry bushes represent thorns trying to warn away any sort of visitors for example Lockwood. The atmospheric scenery is also not a friendly, pleasant, warm and welcoming but a dark, rough, miserable atmosphere. Similarly this is shown in Heathcliff by ‘I don't keep accommodation for visitors' this gives us the impression that he is not welcoming to guests and that he does not attempt to make any effort. Another example of inhospitality from Heathcliff's side is ‘†¦ ould you spare me one? ‘ ‘No I could not. ‘ This shows how unwelcoming Heathcliff is and how his character can relate to the settings. This is a very clever way to introduce Heathcliff and the house to us because indirectly Bronte has given us many similarities between the two, and if we did not know that he was the owner we would be able to automatically assume that he was as quotes such as ‘Black eyes withdrawn so suspiciously under their brows' which is descri bing Heathcliff. Contradicting with' heavy black ones lurking in the shade' which is describing the house contemplate with each other. We also see that there is a distinctive contrast between Wuthering heights and Thrush cross Grange Wuthering heights is a dull, boring place where no fun or leisure takes place whilst Thrush cross grange is full of laughter, music and dancing this is also reflected into the people living at these houses because the Earnshaws who live at Wuthering heights are strong, willed and dark and the Linton's at thrush cross grange are clam, gentle and kind. In chapter one we get the impression that later on in the novel Heathcliff may have a connection with the theme on violence and anger this is because of the objects in the house which are described ‘villainous old guns, and a couple of horse pistols'. This tells us that some one who possesses such items may be a fierce person or the opposite so a coward, but judging from the tone and the manner that Heathcliff's character portrays to us in the beginning chapters it is more likely that he is going to be a fierce character and the guns may show a sign of control or power within the character himself. Uttered so savagely' †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ‘The tone†¦. revealed such a bad nature'. Bronte has also linked other events in the beginning chapters with the theme of violence such as the ghost supposedly Catherine Linton, who comes to Lockwood ‘let me in, let me in' ‘rubbed it to and fro till blood ran down' these quotes tell us that the novel defiantly contains more images and expanded themes on violence which could lead to a dramatic ending. The theme of brutality and violence is dwelled upon even further as the novel prolongs. The incident with the dogs and Lockwood is an example of violence ‘broke in a fury and jumped on my knees' and the incident with Heathcliff and Cathy ‘clenched his fist with every appearance of a meditated assault. ‘ We are able to get an idea into what themes may be used in this novel and at the same time we are able to find out more about the character by their actions taken. Heathcliff is not the only character that is introduced to us in the beginning chapters, but we are also introduced to Lockwood. We are introduced to Lockwood as the narrator, but Bronte has cleverly disguised it is him speaking until the middle of the page. This could be because she wants us to get an impression that Lockwood is going to be a character who is never a part of things ‘ I began to feel unmistakably out of place', but always in the lives of others. We also learn that Lockwood is a bit waffled he likes to speak a lot of nonsense and puts his foot in it at times ‘a beautiful animal' ‘unlikely a pile of dead rabbits' this could mean that Lockwood is going to be someone who can never be taken seriously and we are forced to make our own judgments on things as he can not be trusted so say or think right. Lockwood is a significant character as we get to learn about Catherine through him we learn that Catherine is going to play a major part in the novel too, as she is introduced into the novel not as an actual person, but as a ghost, a spirit. This again can be linked back to the theme of death, violence and haunting. The way that Catherine is introduced to us makes us speculate on why she is coming to haunt the place and especially why to Lockwood as we already know that she is or was a real character when Lockwood finds her diary ‘ took a form of a regular diary'. When Catherine is introduced Bronte refers to negative cold descriptions such as ‘icy cold hand' and ‘shiverlingly'. These images could relate to Catherine's character and it could resemble her. Again, Bronte may want to indirectly inform us of what her character is likely to be and from these descriptions it tells us that Catherine is going to be a cold hearted character and someone who does not care about anyone else apart from herself. ‘Though everybody hated and despised each other, they could not avoid loving me' this tells us how self-centered Catherine may be. The introduction to Catherine was an effective and interesting way as it enables Bronte to make the readers imaginations run wild and it keeps them reading on as they want to find out why Catherine is now a ghost and why she has come back to haunt the house. During the opening few chapters we are also introduced to another character who is Hareton. We do not learn a great deal about Hareton in the opening few chapters, but we are introduced to his appearance ‘thick brown curls were rough and uncultivated' ‘hands were embrowned' Hareton's presence in the beginning chapters is vital as it creates a relationship triangle with himself, Heathcliff and Catherine and we are soon very confused with Lockwood to how each of them are related to one and other. You're amiable lady' ‘my amiable lady! ‘ ‘Not my son assuredly'. Emily Bronte has purposely added Hareton to show the first signs of confusion among characters and this confusing relationship triangle is carried on throughout the novel such as the love triangle between Edgar Linton, Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff where both men loved one woman and she was torn between wealth. We are also faced with many clues into foreshadowing future events that might develop as the novel progresses. The ideas are hidden and the reader will only be able to find them if they take the events further and think about what the symbolism may be in the rest of the novel. We touch upon the theme of love and passion in the first few chapters we see signs that the novel is going to be based on love ‘come in' ‘oh do once more my hearts darling' the way that Bronte has written this part feels so passionate that we instantly get the feeling that a big part of the novel will contain feelings of love, but we also know that it will not be so straight forward there will be complications. We can tell this from the connection with the ghost, the ghost represents something from the dead and it makes the reader feel at unease and have a sensation of something not being true or right this can be portrayed in the novel such as Heathcliffs and Catherine love at the beginning, but Catherine soon become tied with Edgar and ends up marring him or Heathcliff's and Isabella's marriage, Heathcliff only married her so he can get back at Edgar but Isabella's intentions were true. All these are signs of love existing in one place or another but it is problematic twist somewhere in-between that love, such as death, separation, jealousy, cruelty or neglect. I have already mentioned before the fact that violence and brutality will also be linked into the rest of the novel and the clues that we are given for that are the guns and the way that Heathcliff seems to snap and his actions at times reflects anger with in him. Heathcliff lifted his hand' ‘speaker sprang to a distance'. We can also link the theme of violence with Heathcliff and Hindley. Bronte has made sure that she has informed us of a conflict that went on between two of the characters, and after reading about this it enables us to predict that as the novel develops the conflict between Hindely and Heathcliff will continue until one will win. ‘†¦ Heathcliff went to loose the beat'†¦ Hindely knocked him to his feet' this shows how we see violence and conflict between the two characters at an early stage in the novel. These are really the main themes that Bronte has introduced us to as she has given us quite a lot of information in the opening chapters to make us carry on reading to find out what happens she has provided us with little bits of the story on what happens so that we get a taste to what are the main ideas that will be explored through the novel. The language in the novel changes in the opening few chapters as Bronte approaches the flash back, there is a contrast between the way that Bronte presents Lockwood, and the way he speaks and the way that Nelly dean speaks. Emily Bronte has used a contrast in characters as narrators so that we as the reader can now be more certain that Lockwood's views are unreliable ‘it's swarming with ghost and goblins'. His views can not be taken seriously as we could say did he really see a ghost? This is because we get an account that he was dreaming before so the ghost could also been apart of his dream. Bronte makes Nelly Dean speak she gets straight to the point, on the other hand Lockwood's character would take the space of fifty words to mean one thing for example take these two quotes ‘one fine summer morning' compared with ‘the first feathery flakes of the snow shower'. Emily Bronte shows a distinctive difference in the two characters, this is a technique that she has used so that is forces us to believe everything that Nelly Dean will say in the flash back as she is the only character who was present all throughout the time when the conflicts, deaths, fights and marriages took place between the two families the Earnshaws and the Linton's therefore we have only one side of the story to believe and Emily Bronte has made Nelly Dean convincing enough for us to believe her. As we read further into the novel we are faced with a letter from Isabella ‘ I got a long letter', Emily Bronte's idea to add a letter was very effective as we are able to get another narrator in the novel. This provides us with more information into what Wuthering heights is like ‘An untidy, dingy hole' and what life with Heathcliff is like ‘promised me that I should be Edgar's proxy in suffering'. After re-reading the first few chapters of Wuthering heights I realised that the beginning chapters served as an affective introduction to the rest of the novel. This is because Emily Bronte has indirectly given us information towards forth-coming themes and she has given information into some of the main characters which will appear in the novel. She has also given a clue about the atmospheric settings and where the characters are homed. I think that the main reason to why Emily Bronte may have written a novel like this one is due to the social and historical influences she came across during the 1800. Emily Bronte grew up in a very isolated place herself so there are personal references reflected in the novel such as the emphasis on the intensity of the settings. Also as Emily Bronte lived in a very isolated place she was not touched directly by the industrial revolution this is probably why she did not base her novel on relevant social issues such as authors like Charles Dickens and Jane Austin who did. I also think that the period of time that she wrote this novel in has reflected in some of her characters. In the 1800 women were seen as being ‘degraded to their husbands', I think that this has affected the way that Bronte has written the novel as she has made the women in this novel to not obey and do what ever their husbands say, but to have a mind of their own like Catherine. Later on in the novel we see that Catherine's character is of a strong headed and powerful woman. She has also given more importance to the women in this novel for example if you look at Nelly Dean, she is the narrator. Nelly Deans character has a very important part to play in this novel as without her present in all the events that have took place between the two families their would be no one to tell us what happened apart from Joseph. But again you can see that Bronte has made Nelly Dean a woman to tell the story and not a Joseph who is a man. So many aspects have influenced the writer Emily Bronte into creating such a novel that astonished everyone. Many people were astonished by the topics she wrote about and many were astonished at her work. Over all the first few chapters of the novel have created the base for our knowledge to expand and run wild on, Emily Bronte has made sure that she has included the most bizarre and unique events in the beginning so that it make us the reader carry on with the novel. Her technique has worked and the novel only gets better from the first chapters.

Meat Eaters vs Vegetarians

Universidad del Sagrado Corazon San Juan, Puerto Rico Argumentative Essay Vicente R. Rivera Velez Jean G. Piwinski English-114 Section 6 Professor Milagros A. Rodriguez November 10, 2011 Meat eaters vs. Vegetarians If you have to choose between meat eaters and vegetarians, which side would you select? Personally we understand that vegetarian’s people eat healthier than the meat eaters but even doe, we consider our self meat eaters. Meat eaters and vegetarians are extremely different in terms of flavor and health. We are meat eaters because of its taste and flavors.Meats have more flavors than vegetables; this is because meats contains juices and are cook with different spices that have strong flavors. Some of these flavors are parsley, basil, garlic, salt, pepper, Worcestershire sauce etc. We are not telling that vegetarians don’t eat flavored food but the reality is that meat has lots of more flavors. In terms of taste, it depends on each people for example; vegetarian s will say that their food taste better and the same with the meat eaters. But we look for information from the experts and Dr.Robert Madda in his internet page title â€Å"Meat & Vegetables on the HCG Diet† certifies that our statement it’s true, meat has more flavors and taste better. The vegetarians eat healthier because of meat having saturated fat and high cholesterol. Meat eaters have more risk of having diseases and health problems such as heart attack or stroke from the vegetarians. Some studies show that vegetarians have less opportunities of having cancer. Meat can stay in your body up to 7 years and vegetable can be easy eliminated from the body. Some vegetarians are vegetarians because they are animal activist.Animal activist are those people that have compassion and want to end the mistreating and the cruelty of the animals. Some meats are not healthy because some suppliers inject chemicals and preservative so it could last longer. Vegetarians also have so me health risk because chicken and fish have many different bacteria. Some studies tell that they have more bacteria than a toilet. Salmonella is a popular bacterium that you can find in chicken and fish. Salmonella is a bacterium that attacks intestine and blood stream. Some examples of its effects are diarrhea, fever and give you intense pain.Salmonella is not a deadly disease but you will feel like if you where going to die due to the huge pain. When it comes to food there is going to be always some problem because a bacterium, cholesterol, fats etc. As known meat eaters and vegetarians have typical foods. Meat eaters like every type of meat here are some example of different types of meats; steaks, cheeseburger, t-bone, fried steak, ham, pork, bacon, ribs, prime rib, lamb, veal etc. Meat eater usually like to have nest to the meat as a side order mash potatoes, baked potatoes, rice and beans, pasta and some times vegetables and salad.Our favorite plate would be a nice steak with baked potatoes, specifically a filet mignon there is nothing better. Vegetarian people also eat great food for example; they eat fish like red snapper, maji maji, grouper, tilapia, salmon etc. Also they eat chicken, salads and vegetables; for the vegetarian people a familiar plate that they eat is baked chicken with caesar salad. This vegetarian diet is very strict a difficult to follow. Recently vegetarian population is growing, a few years ago only 3. 2% of the population was on the vegetarian diet. Today according to vegetariantimes. om 10% of the American populations are vegetarian. But a study show that 5. 2 % of the population are interested in the vegetarian diet. A 59% of the vegetarian populations are woman and the average age of vegetarian people is 30. In the other side meat eaters are better known as carnivore. Carnivore is the same as meat eaters and this term is also used in animals. For example we can say that the lion is a carnivore animal. This means that when you are carnivore you depend mainly of the meat diet. Meat eaters also have can find diseases in the food. High blood pressure, diabetes, obesity etc. re some examples of diseases. We as carnivores recommend to all the others meat eaters that these diseases are not a joke and they should do go to the doctor at least twice in a year. But a the same time eating meat give you high quality proteins an it also require all the amino acid that your body needs. Meat contains high iron compare to plant and vegetable. It’s recommended to eat meat but in moderated quantities, also you should avoid eating bacon and salami because they are very high in fats. In conclusion meat eaters and vegetarians are extremely different.We can say that they taste different and have different flavor. The meat is the tastiest but the vegetarians are healthier. We are meat eaters because our island is full with flavors and we love to eat great food with great flavor. As meat eaters we respect the entire veget arian community and we understand the reason of being one. At the same time we think that everyone needs to have at least a minor portion of meat because all the proteins and the iron that you will not find in a vegetarian plate. For us there is nothing like a huge plate of meat after work or after doing sport to recharge all the batteries.References Benefits Of Eating Meat. (n. d. ). Sikh Philosophy Network. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://www. sikhphilosophy. net/sikh-youth/14321-benefits-of-eating-meat. html Meat Eaters Vs. Vegetarians | Healthmad. (n. d. ). Healthmad. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://healthmad. com/health/meat-eaters-vs-vegetarians/ Smith, B. (n. d. ). What Is Salmonella And What Are Its Effects? | InjuryBoard Atlanta. Injury Board Atlanta | Georgia Personal Injury Attorney. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://atlanta. injuryboard. om/defective-and-dangerous-products/what-is-salmonella-and-what-are-its-effects. aspx? googleid=212314 What is th e Difference Between Meat Eaters VS Vegetarians? | Health Related Articles. (n. d. ). Health Related Articles | Everything you want to know about your Health. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://www. healthforworld. com/what-is-the-difference-between-meat-eaters-vs-vegetarians life. , t. w. (n. d. ). Vegetarian vs Meat eaters Vegetarianism In America . Vegetarian Times – Great Food, Good Health, Smart Living. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://www. vegetariantimes. com/features

black beauty and the american standards of beauty Essay

Beauty is generally defined as the quality or combination of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit. While this definition supports the commonly-held belief that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, American standards of beauty have not had many variations over the past few decades. Since the beginning of American history, there have been three ideal archetypal symbols of womanhood that have to do with physical beauty: light skin, a slim body, and straight hair.[1] While there has been some dynamicity, it was very slight and has rarely ever encompassed physical characteristics more commonly attributed to women of color, such as a dark complexion, a voluptuous figure, and thick, kinky hair. The prevalence of the Eurocentric American standard of beauty among young African-Americans has led to self-esteem issues and controversy, but despite the detrimental aspects, it has been a unifying force in the African-American co mmunity. The European standard of beauty, which has always been integrated into American culture, was formed long before African-Americans were introduced into the western hemisphere as slaves. It was used in comparison to African-Americans as a method of stripping black women of their femininity and justifying their inferiority. In historical advertisements and visual performances, physical attributes associated with black people—such as bigger lips, darker skin, and, for women, a larger figure—were exaggerated in order to emphasize how different blacks were from white people, and assert control over them in almost every aspect of life, especially how there were perceived by other races and their own self-perception.[2] As slaves, blacks did not have tools for self-adornment and, while black women could wear different hairstyles to express themselves, they often dressed in what was necessary for hard labor, which did not leave much room for femininity. The article, â€Å"Beauty Culture,† by Tiffany M. Gill, tells of the creation of the black beauty culture industry, post-slavery, as a means of defining beauty in their own lives.[3] This industry, however, was wrought with controversy because of the two categories of products available, those which enhanced the natural physical traits of black women and those that seemingly attempted to conform to white beauty standards. The black beauty culture industry was faced with the task of battling stereotypes that suggested that blacks were innately ugly and that their physical attributes were the reason for their low political, social, and economic status. The importance of the black beauty culture industry is proven by the fact that, during the Great Depression, the industry did not face the same economic downturn as many other black businesses, and women were willing to barter food and other necessities in order to get their hair styled.[4] As the public presentation of black wome n increased, so did hair chemicals that allowed them to mimic the hairstyles of white women, and a well-groomed African-American woman became synonymous with straightened hair, which contradicted the political identities of black women. The Black Power Movement boasted the belief that â€Å"Black is beautiful!† which was revolutionary in its appraisal of black culture, politics, and even style. This created a strong sense of racial pride in the African-American community and unity, especially as beauty colleges became key institutions in the black community. Hairdressers and salon owners were some of the most politically active people in black communities, and their places of business were a safe haven from the humiliations of Jim Crow.[5] By accepting the physical differences between blacks and other ethnicities, the African-American community was able to assert more control over their own definition of beauty and improve their personal lives. Black women no longer had to conform to Eurocentric beauty standards and could stand together to show that they were just as attractive and feminine. This huge part of leisure culture also offered women alternatives to jobs as domestic servants or agricultural laborers . Yet, despite the Black Power aesthetic being popularized over sixty years ago, the overall American standards of beauty still do not accommodate women with darker skin and textured hair. The fact that American beauty standards still hold true to the ideal woman being light, thin, and straight-haired, is evidenced by a simple Google image search of â€Å"beautiful women.† Of the top 100 results, only two are African-American women. Black women, despite an increase in black pride and acceptance of natural features in their own community, are still being judged according to and oppressed by Eurocentric beauty standards. According to a survey analysis done by Dia Sekayi, 72.8 percent of black women attending various historically black colleges throughout the United States, expressed discomfort with the way beauty for black women is defined by the media and society’s expectations of them.[6] Forty-six percent wish they had smaller bodies and thirty-two percent are displeased with their natural hair texture.[7] The use of chemicals and weaves to make black hair resemble the hair of white women and skin lightening lotions show that many black women are not ple ased by their appearance. It’s obvious that beauty has intangible elements, such as confidence and likability, but even these things can be affected by one’s physical appearance. When young girls do not feel as if their beauty is being validated, concern for their appearance impacts their quality of life long-term. Scholarly literature supports the notion that that meeting or not meeting the ideal standard of beauty might impact the quality of girls’ experiences at school, both on a social and an academic level.[8] This issue is important because without a less stringent view of American beauty, black women will continue to be judged by a standard of beauty, even if they choose not to embrace it, that is nearly impossible for most to meet. Black women are currently resisting the dominant aesthetic standard and embracing their own cultural ideas of beauty but in many instances are pushed to hide their true selves. Women who have chosen to wear their hair unstraightened or braided have encountered discrimination in their workplace, despite kinky hair and braids being key hairstyles in black communities across the globe.[9] While there may be a growing acceptance of natural hairstyles in many places of business, there are some Americans who don’t understand that multiple standards of physical beauty must coexist, and if they do not, people who don’t conform to the standard will suffer. It is important for young black girls to feel comfortable in their own skin and grow up knowing tha t they can be their own special brand of beautiful and that there are people who look like them in the media, whether they are dark or light, slim or curvaceous. Battling against aesthetic hegemony is not easy for black women living in the United States, and oftentimes dissonance and frustration is felt because of society’s views on beauty and the impracticalness of American beauty in regards to women of all colors, shapes, and sizes. However, a lessening of assimilation into white culture is being seen and African-Americans are taking Eurocentric beauty trends and turning them into something more. Black women use their African roots and their own sense of artistry to create unique styles that reflect a black culture and the beauty and femininity that they were once disparaged of.    Bibliography Sekayi, Die. â€Å"Aesthetic Resistance to Commercial Influences: The Impact of the Eurocentric Beauty Standard on Black College Women.† The Journal of Negro Education 72, no. 4 (Autumn 2003): 467-477. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/3211197. (Accessed November 2, 2015) Gill, Tiffany M. â€Å"Beauty Culture.† Black Women in America, Second Edition, edited by Ed. Darlene Clark Hine. Oxford African American Studies Center, (2008): 1. http://www.oxfordaasc.com.proxy.library.vanderbilt.edu/article/opr/t0003/e0023 (accessed November 3, 2015).    [1] Dia Dekayi. â€Å"Aesthetic Resistance to Commercial Influences: The Impact of the Eurocentric Beauty Standard on Black College Women.† The Journal of Negro Education 72, no. 4 (Autumn 2003): 469. [2] Tiffany M. Gill. â€Å"Beauty Culture.†Ã‚   Black Women in America, Second Edition, edited by Ed. Darlene Clark Hine. Oxford African American Studies Center. (2008): 1 [3] Tiffany M. Gill. â€Å"Beauty Culture.†Ã‚   Black Women in America, Second Edition, edited by Ed. Darlene Clark Hine. Oxford African American Studies Center. (2008): 1 [4] Tiffany M. Gill. â€Å"Beauty Culture.†Ã‚   Black Women in America, Second Edition, edited by Ed. Darlene Clark Hine. Oxford African American Studies Center. (2008): 1 [5] Tiffany M. Gill. â€Å"Beauty Culture.†Ã‚   Black Women in America, Second Edition, edited by Ed. Darlene Clark Hine. Oxford African American Studies Center. (2008): 1 [6] Dia Dekayi. â€Å"Aesthetic Resistance to Commercial Influences: The Impact of the Eurocentric Beauty Standard on Black College Women.† The Journal of Negro Education 72, no. 4 (Autumn 2003): 474. [7] Dia Dekayi. â€Å"Aesthetic Resistance to Commercial Influences: The Impact of the Eurocentric Beauty Standard on Black College Women.† The Journal of Negro Education 72, no. 4 (Autumn 2003): 474. [8] Dia Dekayi. â€Å"Aesthetic Resistance to Commercial Influences: The Impact of the Eurocentric Beauty Standard on Black College Women.† The Journal of Negro Education 72, no. 4 (Autumn 2003): 468. [9] Tiffany M. Gill. â€Å"Beauty Culture.†Ã‚   Black Women in America, Second Edition, edited by Ed. Darlene Clark Hine. Oxford African American Studies Center. (2008): 1

Why was Shepherd Wheel successfully built here?

Shepherd Wheel is a water powered grinding workshop located on the River Porter. The site is the earliest industrial building with records going back to the sixteenth century. The grinding workshop was powered by a waterwheel could once house up to ten men grinding blades at the same time. This particular workshop produced edge tools. The key to Shepherd Wheel successfully being built here was that it was built at the right place and at the right time. The workshop relied on local factors and national factors to be run successfully. There are a few local factors in the site itself, such as the River Porter. This river provided a fast, reliable water source from the Peak District. This meant that it was a good source of power all year round. A piece of evidence to prove that this river was a particular constant and reliable one was that it was popular for water wheel powered services because they are workshops built up and down the river. Another local factor to do with the site itself was the L – shaped valley. This made the land easier to build on and was a cheaper way of building because it didn't require excess digging. The steep sides made the river flow faster and the millpond and dam fitted perfectly into the valley floor with no excess digging. A final factor about the site itself is that there is a residential area nearby; Ranmoor. This provided the workshop with workers who became skilled as it was a local job. The quiet, green scenery also encouraged the workers to come to work and increase production. The residential are also provided customers boosting the demand for products and creating a reputation for Shepherd Wheel. Another set of local factors are the resources nearby. For example, wood. There was plentiful supply on the wooded valley slopes for fuel and building. Clay was located by fast flowing rivers, such as the River Loxley and the River Rivelin. It was also located beside the River Porter and was used for lining the millpond to prevent water leaking and a waste of power. Clay also was used to build â€Å"crucible† pots in the Industrial Revolution. Gritstone from the quarries in the Peak District was used for the grinding wheels and maybe used for excess building, such as steps. Another resource was coal nearby. This was located in Eckington, east of Shepherd Wheel. This was used as a key element to make steel. For the other ingredient of steel there was a forge nearby; Forge Dam, which produced Iron for steel. Iron was also located at Eckington. These resources' being so close decreased transport costs and was a constant source of steel for the blades. A final resource was the good transport links. These helped the products to be sent around Sheffield and England to build up a reputation and also to meet growing demands. Shepherd did not only rely on local factors to be built and run successfully in Bingham Park, but also national factors as well. Shepherd Wheel was built in the right place as shown by the local factors and a description of the site, but also at the right time. It was built before the Industrial Revolution but benefited from this time of innovation and inventions immensely. The Industrial Revolution was a time of innovation and inventions. First, the population increased. This provided an increase in workers. It also provided a higher demand for cutlery as there were more people. This lead to production increases and also demands increased. Second, the population started to demand a higher amount of steel products for jobs and personal use. This meant an increase in production, which gained Shepherd Wheel and Sheffield a bigger reputation. Inventions also aided to success of Shepherd Wheel. There were 3 key pioneers of the steel industry were Abraham Darby, Benjamin Huntsman and Henry Bessemer. Abraham Darby found a way to make steel stronger and of a better quality. This lead to production increase and demand increase. This was because the steel was popular, stronger and purer. The steel was produced for personal use, weapons and the basis of other industries. In 1826, Henry Bessemer invented the â€Å"converter† which made up to 20 times more steel. Also he invented the â€Å"Puddling furnace†, which also increased the steels quality. Benjamin Huntsman also helped by inventing â€Å"Crucible Steel Pots† which produced a lot more steel. By this invention Sheffield could now make its own steel and this cut down on transport costs and exportation costs. It also meant that Sheffield could now reach higher demands for steel. Now that Sheffield could specialize in steel, it became well known over the country. Transport was improved to meet demand better and start to export steel globally. This gained Sheffield an enormous reputation and was officially named â€Å"The Steel City†. To conclude, I have proven and explained that Shepherd Wheel relied on local factors and national factors to be built successfully. I believe thanks to the contribution of all these factors Shepherd Wheel was successful. The most important factors were the River Porter and the Industrial Revolution. These two factors fulfilled the theory Shepherd Wheel being built in the right place and at the right time. Thanks to the inventions from the Industrial Revolution pioneers and the layout of the L-shaped valley and surroundings, Shepherd Wheel and in the future Sheffield became a well known and successful place where good quality steel was produced to meet high demands.

Automobile and Martha Johnson Essay Example for Free

Automobile and Martha Johnson Essay Martha Johnson is a mid- class work family. Martha’s goals are buy a car, rent an apartment, stay home and be a full time student, go on vacation, or save the money. The money she has it is from her aunt. Her aunt passed away and left Martha money. I am writing this essay to recommend my option on how Martha Johnson should spend her money. The chose I am going to make is going to help her out how to spend her money. The first goal that Martha has in mind is to buy a car. The advantages is that she has a car that she can use to go to school and go to work. She can also use the car to take her mom to her doctor appointments. Also she can go to the store when she wants to buy something like food, or clothes she will go shopping. The disadvantages is that Martha will have to pay for gas and pay car insurance for the car she buys. She will need to buy a use car not a new car. Also she would need to repair the car if it has any problems with the car. The second goal is that Martha wants to rent an apartment to herself and share it with a roommate also she is going to be a full time student . The advantages is that Martha will have her own place and wont be living with her parents. She will also be close to school and she will be walking instead of driving to school. She will also will be able to finish her career early. Automobile and Martha Johnson. (2017, Feb 08). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Chandler's claims for superiority of managerial capitalism' are Essay

Chandler's claims for superiority of managerial capitalism' are specific to a particular time and place and cannot be generalized disscuss - Essay Example But in Scale and Scope the essential thesis is that between the 1850s and the 1880s the transportation and communications networks established the technological and organizational base for the exploitation Ð ¾f economies Ð ¾f scale and scope in the processes Ð ¾f production and distribution. (p. 58) The entrepreneurial response in distribution preceded that in production because innovation in distribution was primarily organizational, not technological. The reasons for the decline Ð ¾f commission agents and the growth Ð ¾f full line, full service wholesalers and mass retailers is not entirely clear from Chandlers analysis.[1] Many Ð ¾f the names Ð ¾f the mass retailers that emerged after the Civil War are still familiar today and include Macys, Lord & Taylor, Strawbridge & Clothier, John Wanamaker, Marshall Field, and Emporium. Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck came to dominate the rural market, relying heavily on mail-order operations. These houses built administrative systems to handle more transactions in a day than most traditional merchants could handle in a lifetime. The laying down Ð ¾f railroad and telegraph systems precipitated a wave Ð ¾f industrial innovation in Western Europe and the United States far more wide ranging than that which had occurred in Britain at the end Ð ¾f the eighteenth century. This wave has been properly termed by historians the Second Industrial Revolution. . . (p. 62) and involved systemic innovations in oil refining, steel, machinery, glass, artificial dyes, fibres, fertilizers, and food processing. But for the potential Ð ¾f these innovations to be realized, entrepreneurs had to make the three pronged investment. [2] In industries where only one or two pioneering enterprises made the three pronged investment, these enterprises quickly dominated the market. More Ð ¾ften, however, the modern industrial enterprise in the United States appeared after merger or acquisition (p.

Narrative of the life of frederick douglass Research Paper

Narrative of the life of frederick douglass - Research Paper Example He highlighted that he had served his entire life as a slave during such meetings. However, his oratory skills made many people doubt that he had served as a slave for more than 20 years. The fact that people doubted him, was one of the factors that pushed him to tell his story by writing a memoir that detailed his entire experience from childhood until the time when he escaped from slavery. Reading the book creates a vivid picture of how it was like to be born into slavery and begin serving as a slave at a very tender age. Notably, Douglass’ memoir was published during a time when the anti-slavery movement was gaining momentum. Therefore, it served to place emphasis on the need to terminate slavery. However, the relevance of the book in the years that would follow declined until the 1960s when the civil rights movement became very active. This paper will discuss the journey taken from Douglass’ text, and how it has emerged as one of the critical literary works in the s lave narrative genre. After Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave was published, it starred an alarming interest on the impacts of slavery. Surprisingly, many people did not realize that slaves were oppressed and mistreated badly. The literature that existed before Douglass’ was published highlighted that slavery benefited both the slave masters and the slaves. The public had been deceived by such information and Douglass wanted to expose the evils of slavery. He was one of the few slaves fortunate enough to exhibit a remarkable level of literacy. His memoir served as a revelation to the real experiences of slaves under their masters. It served to promote the Douglass’ agenda of abolishing slavery. It communicated numerous reasons why African American slaves deserved freedom (Barnes 69). At the end of the memoir, Douglass had stated that he was in pursuit of the freedom of other African American

Financial Resource Management and Healthcare Reimbursement Research Paper

Financial Resource Management and Healthcare Reimbursement - Research Paper Example There is an increase in the number of Medicaid patients and children enrolled in the children’s health insurance program of the state. This has affected our payer mixing which has consequently led to a decline in our reimbursement and the quarterly disbursement that we give to the physicians. The pediatric endocrinologist has approached me with a proposal to have his remuneration increased. He is asking for an additional stipend to his regularly covered services. Many partners have also suggested that we ought to increase the clinic services. They have come up with ideas on how to implement this plan. The increase in clinic services is a costly affair that will influence our finances. One of the partners is of the opinion that we contract a pediatric oncologist who will be seeing patients on a monthly clinic day. Another has suggested that since the contract for the Indian health contract was up for renewal soon, we can target that patient population and serve it through an ou treach arrangement where one or two pediatricians can travel to clinics reserved for the patients or the patients can come to our clinic. These ideas are quite brilliant since they are ventures that have the potential of earning additional revenue to the institution (McKeever, 2012). Many factors influence the price charged across the pediatric services worldwide. One is the remuneration that is paid to pediatric practitioners that in turn depends on the level of qualification and the number of cases that the medic attends. The other factor is the cost of conforming to the laws of the state regarding pediatric services for example the cost of obtaining a license to do the business. The type of illness also determines the charges since some diseases require more resources to treat than others can. There is also the cost of medical equipment like syringes, stethoscopes, and microscopes among others. Revenue collection is a vital process for any business since it is the only way

SpinozaBerkeley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SpinozaBerkeley - Essay Example Infinite substance is indivisible in Spinoza's view. He argues that if infinite substance were divisible then it could either be divided into two finite parts or it could be divided into two equally infinite parts; both of them being impossible. This proves that there is only one infinite substance and Spinoza believes that to be God (13). Since God is infinite substance, every being in existence has its being in God and nothing can exist without God (9). He proves that God is infinite substance and that no other substance exists outside of God. Thus Spinoza claims that God is present in all things; God is omnipotent. Spinoza argues that the will is the same as the intellect and in God, intellect is actual. God can think of infinite number of things in infinite number of ways. This infinite intellect of God comprehends all of God's attributes. All ideas are present in the intellect of God and the human mind is a part of the infinite intellect of God (13). Therefore, Spinoza maintains that ideas are adequate and true as long as they refer to God and reflect the essence of God. He also maintains that ideas that logically follow from such adequate ideas will remain adequate as well. Since adequate ideas must necessarily represent the essence of God, the idea of any substance's actual existence must also come from God. In this case, the human mind must be capable of knowing God and God's infinite essence. Sp Spinoza explains that the human mind may have both adequate and inadequate ideas. Adequate ideas are subject to reason whereas inadequate ideas are subject to emotions. There are three primary emotions from which all other emotions are derived - desire, pleasure and pain. Desire may arise from either pleasure or pain, pleasure arises from a transition from a lesser to a greater state of perfection and pain from a transition from greater to lesser state of perfection. For Spinoza, perfection is reality and since is God is absolutely perfect, he is also absolutely real (14). Spinoza argues that knowledge of good and evil comes from awareness of what causes pleasure and pain. The greatest good of the mind and the greatest virtue it can hold is to know God. To act with virtue is to act with reason and freedom is the ability to act with reason. Freedom is the ability to act rationally and to control emotions; not to subject to emotions and make free undetermined choices. Spinoza agrees that all emotions need not conflict with reason. Emotions that compliment reason causes pleasure whereas pain is caused by emotions that conflict reason (12). Adequate ideas reflect the infinite essence of God and they are subject to reason. Acting with reason causes pleasure and spreads goodness to all. Inadequate ideas do not express the essence of God and thus, knowledge of evil is inadequate knowledge. Inadequate knowledge thus causes pain. According to Spinoza, reason can control emotions and to live freely one must not be in servitude to emotions. Reason is virtue and v irtue is the knowledge of God and thus, Spinoza proves that the better control one exhibits over one's emotions, the better one can understand God (12). In Spinoza's view, all ideas are found in god and only those ideas that truly reflect the essence and knowledge of God are adequate and only those ideas provide freedom to the human mind. Berkeley's book "Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous" is broken into three separate sections, or dialogues. Through the first dialogue he tries to

Investment Theory, Rational and Irrational Essay

Investment Theory, Rational and Irrational - Essay Example For example, a man may instantly fall in love with a woman and propose to marry her, solely moved by the physical beauty of the woman; but this same man wouldn't invest in a company solely inspired by looking at the rich and luxuriant office premises of that company. He would definitely make further enquiries before he decides to take any step. In economics, or while making any kind of profit and loss decisions in general, we see men at their rational best. Nonetheless, human beings are still good old Homo Sapiens and the much anticipated rise of Homo Economicus never really took place. We make mistakes, we come under the sway of our emotions, we give in to our momentary whims often enough and later come to regret them as often enough. There are differences between person to person of course. Some of us are more intelligent, practical, cool-headed and experienced while arriving at decisions, while many others may not be as rational and practical. All in all, though, there has been fo und out to be a significant degree of irrationality and inconsistency at play when people make economic decisions. A hybrid branch of economics and psychology called behavioural finance has evolved to study the element of irrationality in the process of decision making; it endeavours to better understand and explain how emotions and cognitive errors influence people when they are making investment-related or other kinds of monetary decisions. But, in fact, behavioural economics consists of theories and empirical investigations into human response to risk, and as such its insights are relevant to any field where decision making is involved and a significant aspect of risk is present. A basic, and almost commonsensical, finding in this field of study is that people tend to be generally more risk-averse than generally thought of. In 1979, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky propounded their "Prospect Theory," studying human behaviour in relation to risk. In essence what they have found out was that, contrary to the dictates of logic that were taken for granted in the standard expected utility theory of neo-classical economics, people placed different weights on gains and losses and on different ranges of probability. Translated in simple terms, this means that individuals are generally much more distressed by prospective losses than they are happy by equivalent gains. To give a more concrete measure to this rather subjective tendency, some economists have arrived at the conclusion that the difference is almost twice, i.e., people perceive the loss of 1 twice as painful as the pleasure derived from the gain of 1. But there is an interesting twist to this observation. I t has been found that faced with a sure gain, individuals become risk-averse, while faced with a sure loss they become more willing to take risk. For example, between a situation of winning 10 for certain, and winning 20 or nothing each with a 50% chance - it has been shown that most people would go for the former. In a real-life situation, faced with a sure gain of 10, people become risk-averse and are less likely to go for 20 with only a 50%

Racism in America Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Racism in America Today - Essay Example Americans still  display  racism, which indicates how deep racism  still  is in the American society. Indeed, Americans have a  big  move  to  make  before they can eliminate this problem from their social  fabric. Racism, as a societal vice within the fabric of the American society, can be traced to the humble beginnings of the United States, when the people organized a  perpetual  hierarchy of  oppressive  efforts. These oppressive constructions  were meant  to  keep  each American – both first comers and new comers like the slaves – subservient to the authority of another above them. This  oppressive  hierarchy can be traced to the demands of the King of England for  goods  from the Jamestown elite, who  entirely  manipulated the  white  frontiersman. ... ps, the ruling class resolved to end the alliance.  This was the case, as they felt that it would eventually  grow  strong  to  the level  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ that it would be able to  overthrow  the  rule  of the King and the elite group. As a  move  to  break  the alliance, the ruling class moved to  separate  the whites from everyone else – which they did – through giving more opportunities in the form of better treatment and land resources to the white servants.  The move worked; therefore,  the working whites abandoned the  rebellious  movements for the favorable treatment.  As a result, the two groupings have had problems working together up to date (Zinn  37). Coming to the incidence of Racism in the American  society  in modern times, it should be noted that Racist moves and behaviors are still as prevalent as they were ages ago, but are more subtle.  At present, people are clearly – more aware and less  apt  to be overtly racist, when there are laws against such acts.  For instance, hate crimes  are considered  as inhumane and punishable by the law, as other racist conducts. Instead, racists have become more organized. For example, in the year 2011, there was a  tremendous  increase  in new memberships to white supremacist associations. This is according to the ‘Southern Poverty law Center,’ which assumes the role of tracking the operations of supremacist organizations in the U.S. They have documented that the number of members by up to 48% since the year 2000. Further, the  principal  white supremacist group operating in America, by name,  Stormfront, runs a racist forum. Through the forum, white supremacists  post  systematic  attacks on the whites of Jewish origin. In such forums, they use the name  Ã¢â‚¬ËœJew’ as a term of race. For example, on a discussion